ABSTRACT
Objectives: In this study, systematic pharmacognostic study and preliminary phytochemical screening of the bark of Cascabela thevetia L. were carried out. Methods: The selected plant part was collected, processed and stored in an airtight container. From the bark different pharmacognostic studies like macroscopic and microscopic evaluation, physicochemical parameters, fluorescence analysis were done. Powdered bark was successively extracted by petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol using a Soxhlet apparatus and finally macerated with the hydro-alcoholic solvent system (30:70). The preliminary phytochemical analysis and thin layer chromatography of the extracts were done to find the nature and number of the different phytoconstituents present. Results: Transverse microscopy reveals the presence of crystal oxalate, cork cell, starch granules, vascular bundle, phloem fiber, parenchyma cells, and collenchyma cells. Powder microscopy also showed the presence of cork cell, fiber and calcium oxalate crystal. Results obtained in different physicochemical analysis like total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, alcohol-soluble extractive, water-soluble extractive, and moisture content were 8.67%, 0.83%, 5.33%, 4.53%, 12.27%, and 7.83% respectively. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, triterpenoid, phytosterol, tannin, saponin, anthraquinone, carbohydrate and fatty acid in the different extracts. TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) study revealed 4 spots in petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts and 3 spots in the Hydro-alcoholic extract with different solvent systems. Conclusion: The results obtained from the study will provide a reliable basis for identification, purity, and quality of the plant.
ABSTRACT
Background: Globally, in resistant malaria endemic zones, even the latest lines of MDTs (multi drug therapes) are yielding chaotic results. These include unacceptable side effects/contraindications, with poor prognosis in juveniles/adolescents. Juvenile stage is intensely humoral and up-regulate infestation. MDTs are more unpredictable in the juveniles, and fail in the geriatric group. Pharmacies are also failing. Tropical-equatorial conditions necessitate frugal body cover cum bare foot life style. Typical geomorphology, orography, meteorology, flora and fauna provide year round conducive conditions for vector bionomics and for other types of infections. OMARIA (Orissa Malaria Research Indigenous Attempt) is a new anti-malaria phytotherapy that has been in mono station use (Koraput, India) since 1998 in drug resistant core endemic regions, also well known for tertian type. It transpired out of Koraput Model to Fight Malaria at Home with OMARIA. Materials and Methods: OMARIA is composed of the dry rind of the Indo-year round fruiting Punica granatum (Dalimba). Principal drug moieties are: (i) ellagic acid; (ii)punicalagin (iii) punicalin and (iv) potassium (K+). Are physiologically compatible and has never been used before. All the moieties being non alkaloids offer a paradigm shift among anti-malarials. Results: OMARIA kills and clears hemoprotozoas of all spp., at all stages (including gametocytes) in patients of all ages and chronicity. Is potently anti-inflammatory vis-a-vis WBCs; blocks transmission; prevents relapse and non- recrudescence; and is very useful in severe/acute/complicated/refractory malaria and in sickle cell patients. No development of resistance. Potassium (K+) probably acts as the drug’s efficacy upregulator. Conclusion: OMARIA is prophylactic and therapeutic in target groups. Is useful in numerous forms of malaria, being active against key stages of the parasite (complicated or systemic status); and in patients having multiple infections. It has synergistic and possibly buffering roles. Koraput Model has been of much help to the afflicted communities and to the administrations.